Residence and citizenship, country by country

Antigua and Barbuda is a two-island Caribbean nation with 365 beaches and one of the region's longer-established citizenship programs.

Australia combines high living standards with skilled migration routes that remain open to professionals and entrepreneurs.

Austria sits at the center of Europe, with one of the continent's strongest passports and a reputation for stability that predates the EU.

Bulgaria offers EU and NATO membership at a fraction of Western European living costs, with a corporate tax rate among the lowest in the bloc.

Canada is the second-largest country in the world, with universal healthcare, strong universities, and a migration system built around economic contribution.

Cyprus offers EU residence, a favourable tax framework, and a common-law legal system, three hours from most of Europe and the Gulf.

Denmark pairs one of the world's strongest passports with public services funded by some of its highest taxes, and most people who move there consider that a fair trade.

Dominica is the most mountainous and least developed of the Caribbean citizenship countries, and its program is among the longest-running in the region.

Egypt introduced citizenship by investment in 2019 and prices it well below the Caribbean, in a country of over 100 million people.

France offers one of the world's strongest passports, a public healthcare system that consistently ranks near the top, and residence routes built around skills rather than capital.

Greece offers EU residence through property investment, Schengen access, and a cost of living well below Western European equivalents.

Grenada is the only Caribbean citizenship country with a US E-2 treaty, which makes it a route to American business residence as well as a second passport.

Hong Kong remains one of the world's major financial centers, with no capital gains or inheritance tax and a common-law legal system.

Hungary reopened a residence-by-investment route in 2024, offering EU and Schengen access at one of the lower entry points in the bloc.

Italy offers one of the world's strongest passports, a flat-tax regime for new residents, and a citizenship-by-descent route used by millions of people of Italian ancestry.

Japan has one of the two strongest passports in the world, and in 2024 introduced a route designed to attract foreign founders and investors.

Jordan offers citizenship by investment at a higher entry point than most, in one of the more stable states in the Middle East.

Latvia offers EU and Schengen residence through investment, with living costs among the lowest in the bloc and digital infrastructure among the better developed.

Malta offers EU permanent residence, English as an official language, and a common-law legal system, on an island three hours from most of Europe.

Mauritius offers residence through property investment, a tax framework built for international business, and a position between Africa and Asia.

Montenegro is an EU candidate country and NATO member on the Adriatic that unilaterally adopted the euro in 2002.

Panama uses the US dollar, offers territorial taxation, and runs one of the more accessible residence programs in the Americas.

Paraguay offers one of the lowest-cost residence routes in South America, with territorial taxation, and a fast path to citizenship.

Portugal offers EU residence, citizenship after seven to ten years depending on nationality, and a location that connects Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Singapore holds the world's strongest passport, charges no capital gains tax, and functions as the primary financial center for South East Asia.

Spain offers one of the world's strongest passports, a favorable regime for inbound workers, and a property market that has drawn international buyers for fifty years.

St Kitts and Nevis runs the oldest citizenship by investment programme in the world, established in 1984.

St Lucia offers Caribbean citizenship with a government bond option alongside the usual real estate and donation routes.

Thailand offers long-term residence through two distinct routes, in a country where healthcare and cost of living have made it a long-standing base for international residents.

Türkiye offers citizenship through property investment, with a US E-2 treaty and a position spanning Europe and Asia.

The UAE offers ten-year renewable residence, no personal income tax, and a position within eight hours of most of the world's population.

The UK offers talent and business routes to residence, in a country with the deepest capital markets in Europe and universities that draw internationally.

The US offers three distinct routes to residence: investment, extraordinary ability, and national interest, each with different requirements and timelines.

Uruguay offers residence with a defined path to citizenship in 3 to 5 years and the strongest democratic record in South America.

Vanuatu offers the fastest citizenship by investment process in the world, with no personal income, capital gains, or inheritance tax.